Basic Information:

  VIRBase ID:  

VHID00426390

  Virus:  

Human gammaherpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus, KSHV)

  Host:  

Homo sapiens

  Confidence Score:  

0.9060

  Interaction Type:  

Virus-Host interaction

  Predicted Binding:

 

      kshv-miR-K12-10b:  MIMAT0002180          TPD52:  NR_105034     

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Interactor Information:

	Interactor1	Interactor2
Symbol	kshv-miR-K12-10b	TPD52
miRBase Accession/Entrez ID	MIMAT0002180	7163
Organism	Human gammaherpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus, KSHV)	Homo sapiens
Category	miRNA	mRNA
Alias	-	D52//hD52//N8L//PC-1//PrLZ

RNA Editing:

Resource	Symbol	Editing Position	Change	Genetic Region
RADAR	TPD52	chr8:81018146(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81018155(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81019225(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81019261(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81019264(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81019270(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81019291(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81019359(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81021738(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81037601(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81023268(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81023325(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81023339(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81023364(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81026312(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81026314(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81036664(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81037563(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81037573(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81037645(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81038813(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81038991(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81039139(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81039225(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81039232(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81039310(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81060693(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81072163(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81072278(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81072326(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81073058(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81073185(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81021855(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81073211(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074027(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074057(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074062(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074075(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074093(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074140(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074144(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074165(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074168(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074236(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074259(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074830(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078366(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078588(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998478(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998436(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078308(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80952698(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80952671(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078660(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80987484(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80952675(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80952692(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80952697(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80954081(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80954143(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80954241(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80984456(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80984491(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80985172(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81082630(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81082568(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80985256(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80985263(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80985270(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80987300(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81082501(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80987375(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81081458(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81081423(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81081398(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81079078(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81079033(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81079032(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078959(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078947(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078935(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078917(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078671(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81039111(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998420(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80987507(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80988942(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80988945(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80989100(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80989175(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80989255(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80994042(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998533(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998555(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998997(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998482(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998486(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998492(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80999009(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80999022(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80999027(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80999096(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80999104(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81001156(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81001159(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81003471(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81003509(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81003514(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81008396(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81008447(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81016727(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81016731(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81016732(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81018034(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81081462(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81079029(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81073221(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81067321(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81082543(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81081420(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81067344(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998547(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81081282(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998865(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81050090(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81064894(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81044385(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017132(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998624(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017381(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81081495(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998946(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078349(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81013517(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81082542(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998960(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81081471(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81050290(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81021739(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81072331(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81081358(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80989009(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81073028(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074191(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017183(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017195(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81073215(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078976(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017944(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81072304(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81068087(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078973(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80952621(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81037609(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81039313(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998858(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81039292(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998450(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81023244(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81079059(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81018081(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81035780(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078564(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81050132(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81042129(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81050140(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017361(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078436(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017050(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80952530(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81018064(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81039344(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998929(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81008455(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074146(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81030246(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81082393(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81050169(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078335(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81038855(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017219(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81018065(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998981(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80952586(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81064765(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80989361(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017052(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80954202(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80989362(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017038(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017147(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80952589(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81081368(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078318(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81023411(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81001203(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074167(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017285(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998924(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81018724(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074245(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81067300(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074157(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074213(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998421(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81082485(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80999026(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81073053(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078485(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074163(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81075159(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81008168(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81019296(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81018730(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81072327(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80999023(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078605(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80994145(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078596(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81078670(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81081399(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80989400(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998961(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80952551(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81074243(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81072221(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81082569(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80954160(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80952569(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998943(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998852(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81079055(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998415(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998619(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81042063(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998864(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81072253(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80989053(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80998562(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81037557(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017200(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81018107(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017103(-) A-I      intronic chr8:80989144(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81018035(-) A-I      intronic chr8:81017049(-) A-I      intronic

Resource	Symbol	Editing Position	Change	SeqReg	exReg	PMID
DARNED	TPD52	chr8:80952667(-) A-I intron -    22327324 chr8:81038855(-) A-I intron -    22327324 chr8:81039177(-) A-I intron -    22327324 chr8:81039292(-) A-I intron -    22327324 chr8:80952530(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80952551(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80952561(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80952586(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80952667(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80954160(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80988999(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80989009(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80989039(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80989053(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80989144(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80989268(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80989347(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80989361(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80989400(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998450(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998451(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998455(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998458(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998547(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998548(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998562(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998619(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998624(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998852(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998858(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998864(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998865(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998924(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998926(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998929(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998943(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998961(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80998981(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80999023(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:80999026(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81001202(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81001203(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81008043(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81008100(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81008467(-) T-C intron -    22484847 chr8:81013512(-) C-T intron -    22484847 chr8:81013517(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81013542(-) T-C intron -    22484847 chr8:81013700(-) T-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81017049(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81017103(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81017200(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81017219(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81017243(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81017280(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81017285(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81017361(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81017381(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81018035(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81018064(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81018065(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81018081(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81018107(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81018730(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81018756(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81018815(-) A-T intron -    22484847 chr8:81019289(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81019296(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81021739(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81023223(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81023244(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81023275(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81029965(-) G-A intron -    22484847 chr8:81029969(-) G-A intron -    22484847 chr8:81030093(-) C-T intron -    22484847 chr8:81030246(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81040726(-) G-T intron -    22484847 chr8:81040727(-) A-T intron -    22484847 chr8:81040729(-) G-T intron -    22484847 chr8:81042232(-) G-C intron -    22484847 chr8:81044385(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81044388(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81054167(-) A-T intron -    22484847 chr8:81060551(-) T-C intron -    22484847 chr8:81060552(-) T-A intron -    22484847 chr8:81060581(-) T-C intron -    22484847 chr8:81060644(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81064765(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81067251(-) C-A intron -    22484847 chr8:81067260(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81067344(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81068042(-) G-A intron -    22484847 chr8:81068087(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81070850(-) C-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81072253(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81072425(-) G-T intron -    22484847 chr8:81073028(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81073041(-) C-T intron -    22484847 chr8:81073053(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81073175(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81073189(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81073215(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81073221(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81074103(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81074157(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81074163(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81074167(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81074191(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81074201(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81074213(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81074243(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81074245(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81077031(-) G-C intron -    22484847 chr8:81077032(-) A-T intron -    22484847 chr8:81077033(-) C-T intron -    22484847 chr8:81078318(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81078335(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81078336(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81078436(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81078564(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81078596(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81078605(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81078661(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81078670(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81078973(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81078976(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81078997(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81079019(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81079029(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81079055(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81079058(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81079059(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81081282(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81081319(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81081344(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81081358(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81081368(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81081420(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81081462(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81081471(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81082485(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81082542(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81082543(-) A-G intron -    22484847 chr8:81082569(-) A-G intron -    22484847

RNA Modification:

Resource	Symbol	ModificationPosition	Type	Genomic Context	PMID
RMBase	TPD52	chr8:80948202-80948203(-) m6A 3'UTR       27773535 chr8:80948277-80948278(-) m6A 3'UTR       24981863 chr8:80948303-80948304(-) m6A 3'UTR       24981863 chr8:80949702-80949703(-) m6A 3'UTR       26404942 chr8:80949726-80949727(-) m6A 3'UTR       26404942 chr8:80949778-80949779(-) m6A 3'UTR       26404942 chr8:80949788-80949789(-) m6A 3'UTR       26404942 chr8:80949795-80949796(-) m6A 3'UTR       26404942 chr8:80950094-80950095(-) m6A 3'UTR//exon       26404942 chr8:80950113-80950114(-) m6A 3'UTR//exon       26404942 chr8:80950127-80950128(-) m6A 3'UTR//exon       26404942 chr8:80950166-80950167(-) m6A 3'UTR//exon       26404942 chr8:80963826-80963827(-) m6A 3'UTR//5'UTR//CDS//exon       27773535//27371828 chr8:80963843-80963844(-) m6A 3'UTR//5'UTR//CDS//exon       27773535//27371828 chr8:80963852-80963853(-) m6A 3'UTR//5'UTR//CDS//exon       27773535//27371828 chr8:80963927-80963928(-) m6A exon//intron       27773535//27371828 chr8:80965473-80965474(-) m6A exon//intron       24981863 chr8:80965555-80965556(-) m6A 3'UTR//5'UTR//CDS//exon       24209618//24981863//28052920//27773535//27371828 chr8:80965560-80965561(-) m6A 3'UTR//5'UTR//CDS//exon       24209618//24981863//28052920//27773535//27371828 chr8:80965566-80965567(-) m6A 3'UTR//5'UTR//CDS//exon       24209618//24981863//28052920//27773535//27371828 chr8:80965590-80965591(-) m6A 3'UTR//5'UTR//CDS//exon       24209618//24981863//28052920//27773535//27371828 chr8:80965646-80965647(-) m6A 3'UTR//5'UTR//CDS//exon       24209618//24981863//28052920//27773535//27371828//27773536 chr8:80965657-80965658(-) m1A 3'UTR//5'UTR//CDS//exon       26863196 chr8:80976704-80976705(-) m6A exon//intron       24209618//24981863//28052920//27773535//27371828//27773536 chr8:80976721-80976722(-) m6A 3'UTR//5'UTR//CDS//exon//intron       24209618//24981863//28052920//27773535//27371828//27773536 chr8:80976759-80976760(-) m6A 3'UTR//5'UTR//CDS//exon//intron       24284625//24209618//24981863//28052920//27773535//27371828//27773536//22575960 chr8:80976816-80976817(-) m6A 5'UTR//CDS//exon//intron       24284625//24209618//24981863//28052920//27773535//27371828//27773536//22575960 chr8:80976899-80976900(-) m6A exon//intron       24284625//24209618//24981863//27371828//27773536//22575960 chr8:80979156-80979157(-) m6A exon//intron       27371828 chr8:80979176-80979177(-) m6A exon//intron       27371828 chr8:80992620-80992621(-) m6A CDS//exon//intron       - chr8:80992656-80992657(-) m6A CDS//exon//intron       - chr8:80992668-80992669(-) m6A CDS//exon//intron       - chr8:81083294-81083295(-) m6A 5'UTR//intron       24981863 chr8:81083455-81083456(-) m6A CDS//intron       27773536 chr8:81083607-81083608(-) m6A CDS//intron       24209618//24981863//27371828//27773536//22575960 chr8:81083673-81083674(-) m6A CDS//intron       24209618//25456834//24981863//27371828//27773536//22575960 chr8:81083679-81083680(-) m6A 5'UTR//intron       24209618//25456834//24981863//27371828//27773536//22575960 chr8:81083700-81083701(-) m6A 5'UTR//intron       24209618//25456834//24981863//27371828//27773536//22575960 chr8:81083797-81083798(-) m6A 5'UTR//intron       24209618//25456834//24981863//27371828//27773536

RNA Localization:

Resource	Symbol	Subcellular Localization	Tissue or Cell Line	PMID
RNALocate	TPD52	Cytosol HCC cell line (HepG2)     - Exosome Blood     - Membrane HCC cell line (HepG2)     - Nucleus HCC cell line (HepG2)|HeLa-S3 cells     - Ribosome Colon cancer cells     24393600

Interaction Network (The top 100 interactions):

Interactor1: kshv-miR-K12-10b
Interactor2: TPD52

Evidence Support:

Strong-Evidence	3'UTR indicator assay
Weak-Evidence	Microarray//PAR-CLIP
Prediction-Evidence	PARalyzer
Support Database	ViRBase

References:

[1]PMID	22100165	Target region	3'UTR
Source	ViRBase	Interactor1 expression	None
Tissue or cell line	BC-1 cells//BC-3 cells//BJAB cells	Interactor2 expression	None
Description	We focused this analysis mostly on 3'UTRs of mRNAs encoding proteins with functions of potential relevance to KSHV biology and pathogenesis (Table S11). Thirty-six combinations of 3'UTR indicators and KSHV miRNAs with PAR-CLIP interactions were tested for regulation. Nine of these interactions were independently also predicted by microarray analysis of the BJAB cell pools expressing miR-K1, miR-K4-3p, or miR-K11 described above (i.e. for miR-K1: NMI, RAD21, BCL11A, RFXAP; for miR-K4-3p: TPD52, GRB2, MCC, YWHAB; for miR-K11: WEE1). Targets were representative of the full range of seed match types observed in the libraries (Tables S6 and S11).

[2]PMID	23170179	Target region	3'UTR
Source	ViRBase	Interactor1 expression	None
Tissue or cell line	BC-1 cells//BC-3 cells//BJAB cells	Interactor2 expression	None
Description	Here,we explore the similarities and differences in the functions of miRNA targets from the limited number of experimentally validated miRNA targets and the larger number of targets predicted by recent reports using high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by crosslinking immunoprecipitation(HITS-CLIP and PAR-CLIP) (Table 2).Table 2 Validated targets from high-throughput studies. Shown are cellular targets identified by photoactivatable ribonucleoside enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation(PAR-CLIP), High-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by crosslinking immunoprecipitation and microarray(RIP-Chip)techniques. Validation of these targets was done using luciferase reporter assays.